Emerging trends in the literature on psychological and job performance: a bibliometric analysis

The Psychological Contract is a set of beliefs and expectations, based on explicit or implicit promises, that a person exchanges with the organization. The development, evolution and application of this construct in the Human Resources area were described. A bibliometric and network analysis of the records of the Web of Science database from 1984 to September 2023 was carried out. The results show the evolution through time, identifying three lines or streams of work. The dimensions related to health, stress and depression show a high interest for future lines of research; however, the performance and impact of psychological models on work performance show a high density or degree of development, with a relatively low level of relevance. Finally, the contributions and limitations for future research are presented


INTRODUCTION
The current economic model system is imposing new challenges for organizations to innovate and implement strategies from within; in an environment of globalization that they face, contributing to the change and evolution of the traditional companyemployee/worker relationship, and it is in this context where the Psychological, is estimated as a determinant factor of behavior within organizations (Tena, 2002;Topa et al., 2022).As knowledge and scientific production on a given topic has been increasing, researchers and librarians find it more complex and difficult to grasp the overall picture of a field of science (Arruda et al., 2022), this paper aims to determine the emerging trends in the literature on psychology and job performance through a Bibliometric analysis.In a first exploratory attempt to consult in Google Scholar or Google Schollar the keyword "Psychological" reported about 10,700 results and when related to the word "performance", it reported 4,990 results, and when expanding performance as work performance, 2,160 results were reported, most of them published as books or journals that do not appear in Scopus or WoS quartiles.Due to the priority it has become for companies and the academic community, this paper aims to contribute to the general knowledge of psychology and its impact on work performance, specifically by addressing the following questions: which are the most influential authors, papers, journals, institutions and countries in the literature; what is the structure of knowledge in this area; and what directions is research on the subject taking?So far, no research has been identified that addresses and answers these questions.In order to fill the gap detected and to address the above research questions, a detailed bibliometric analysis of studies related to the Psychological Contract and job performance, registered in Web of Science, was carried out.This article is the first to undertake a scientific mapping of the Psychological Contract and its impact on work performance activity and presents a holistic view of this topic by exploring the evolution of the field.To meet this objective, network analysis techniques and tools such as R Tecnológico Superior Corporativo Edwards Deming -January -June Vol. 8 -1 -2024 https://revista-edwardsdeming.com/index.php/ese-ISSN: 2576-0971 studio, Bibliometrix, Litmaps and VOsViewer were used to visualize the trends and behavior of the scientific production registered so far.The term psychological contract emerged in the 1950s in order to prevail the informality of agreed relationships between employers and their employees (Shalk & Roe, 2007).Psychological contracts are mental models or schemas that govern how employees understand their exchange relationships with their employers.Psychological contract breach generates feelings of violation and can occur even when employees' economic contracts are fulfilled (Gallani et al., 2019).The psychological contract does not have a single origin or source, but is established and is sensitive to multiple elements, such as co-workers, the work team, the direct supervisor, or managers and directors who may make decisions about working conditions (Becker, 2003).The main difference between the two forms of contracts, written and unwritten, derives from the relationships between organizations and their members.Psychological contracts, on the one hand, as individual beliefs are considered a reciprocal obligation between the individual and the organization on the other hand implicit contracts are mutual obligations that characterize existing interactions at the level of the relationship (Rousseau, 1989).Psychological contract violation refers to the feelings of anger and betrayal often experienced when an employee believes that the organization has failed to fulfill one or more of these obligations (Morrison & Robinson, 1997).The impact of violations is examined using both quantitative and qualitative methods (Morrison & Robinson, 1997).While it is true some studies conducted their results indicate, that there is a significant and positive correlation between the psychological contract, performance and satisfaction.(Loli, et al., 2017), other works consider that relationship the breach of the psychological contract to the level of trust of employees with respect to their organization, is strong and multifaceted (Robinson et al., 2012).In addition, trust (along with unmet expectations) may mediate the relationship between psychological contract breach and employees' subsequent contributions to the firm.Initial trust in the employer at the time of hire may also moderate the relationship between psychological contract breach and subsequent trust such that those with high initial trust experienced less of a decline in trust (Robinson et al., 2012).A psychological contract breach is a subjective experience referring to the perception of one party that the other party has adequately failed to fulfill its obligations and promises (Topa et al., 2022).Usually a determinant for psychological contract breach in the relational dimensional between trust and the degree of employee commitment, as well as the transactional dimension is the fulfillment of the compensation expected by the employee (Bunderson , 2011).The number of academic publications is increasing at a dizzying pace and it is becoming increasingly unfeasible to keep up with everything that is published.In addition, the emphasis on empirical contributions has resulted in voluminous and fragmented research Tecnológico Superior Corporativo Edwards Deming -January -June Vol. 8 -1 -2024 https://revista-edwardsdeming.com/index.php/ese-ISSN: 2576-0971 streams (Briner and Denyer, 2012).This hinders the ability to accumulate knowledge and actively gather evidence across a body of previous research work.The changing nature of labor relations and of the labor force itself is a good argument in favor of the need to explain the meaning and functioning of the psychological and social relations and contracts implicit in work (Rousseau, 1989).Unfortunately, after several decades of use in organizational science, these concepts have been vaguely defined and virtually unstudied.Bibliometrics, as a discipline, has since its inception two major areas of development and application; on the one hand, the response to the study of science and the evolution of scientific production and, on the other hand, editorial management.This discipline empirically studies the scientific activity generated by authors and collaborative groups, through the final product of research, the scientific article.(Juárezet al ., 2016).The use of bibliometrics is gradually spreading to all disciplines.It is particularly suitable for scientific mapping at a time when the emphasis on empirical contributions is generating voluminous, fragmented and controversial research streams (Corrado, 2017) .Scientific mapping is complex and unwieldy because it consists of several steps and often requires numerous and diverse software tools, not all of which are necessarily free (Corrado, 2017).Although automated workflows are emerging that integrate these software tools into an organized data flow, in this article we propose a unique open source tool, designed by the authors, called bibliometrix, to perform comprehensive scientific mapping analyses.bibliometrix supports a recommended workflow for performing bibliometric analyses.As it is programmed in R, the proposed tool is flexible and can be quickly upgraded and integrated with other statistical R packages (Corrado, 2017).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present research is of a descriptive conclusive type because it focuses on studying the development of the literature related to the Psychological Contract and its impact on work performance.A review of the research was carried out using bibliometric techniques.These techniques have been a contribution to the scientific community and have served as reference information for researchers.

Data Sources
The scientific articles were extracted from WOS, due to its wide recognition and scope, and also because it is among the world leaders (Zhu and Liu, 2020).The criteria used for the search are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Attributes considered for analysis
To generate data, all fields (topic, theme, keywords, abstract, etc.) were searched in a single query.This allows you to easily find search terms in any field.a) An annual growth rate of 9.33 % was observed.b) It was observed that 76% of the works developed correspond to the areas of psychology/psychiatry, occupational health/industrial engineering and administration, distributed as follows: 32.43% psychology and psychiatry, 31.24% in the area of occupational health/industrial engineering and 12.22% in the area of administration.Administrative.The rest, i.e., 24% , grouped to 51 remaining WOS categories.c) It was observed that 1520, researchers authors have dealt with this subject, however, only 11 works were documented by a single author.d) Figure 1 shows the relationship between publications and citations, by year, it is observed that over time the variability between these two indicators has remained proportional, however, in 2020 and 2022, a very significant variability is observed.

Analysis attribute
Database

Analysis tools
Open access bibliometric tools were used for the bibliometric analysis, as shown in Figure 2.
Tecnológico Superior Corporativo Edwards Deming -January -June Vol.Tree of Science (ToS) is a web tool that uses the citation network structure to identify relevant literature.ToS displays the information in the form of a tree, where the articles located at the roots are the classics, at the trunk are the structural publications, and the leaves are the most recent articles.It has been found that some results from the leaves can be separated from the subject of the tree.Therefore, the SAP algorithm is proposed to improve the results of the leaves (Valencia-Hernandez et al., 2020).Delineating the state of the art, relationships, opportunities and key players in a given community of practitioners and scholars requires a map that connects research information, places, topics, as well as relationships between authors and institutions(Arruda et al., 2022) .In this sense VOSviewer and Litmaps were used, the former as a software tool to create and explore maps based on network data, as well as co-authorship, co-occurrence, citation, bibliographic coupling and co-citation links and Litmaps was used to generate a map of the most relevant articles related to their seed article and to complement the results co-citation mapping was performed, a social network analysis, this approach allows visualizing the entire network of current knowledge, regarding the impact of the Psychological Contract on job performance.

RESULTS
The word cloud (also called tag cloud) is a type of visualization that highlights the most important words and phrases.Figure 2 shows that the word performance is the most frequent word in the bibliometric analysis of the data.Most relevant authors To identify the most influential authors on a specific topic, the author-citation network helps to identify the researchers who stand out most within the network, based on the number of times they have been referenced (White, 2003).Table 4 summarizes the number of publications in descending order  6), WANG X(6), KUEBLER(4) who are among those with the highest production of articles in this area of knowledge, however, of the three the most cited by other authors is KUEBLER, according to Figure 4, probably due to the fact that KUEBLER, his scientific production regarding the thematic started two years in 2016, that VIETA AND WANG that his first works are documented from 2018.In general, it is observed that most of the authors have an h_index below 4 in the thematic area analyzed, as shown in Table 4.  6. Shows that the affiliations with the highest scientific production are the University of Barcelona(23).They are the University of Barcelona (23).Tohoku University (20), University of Pittsburgh (17), University of Illinois ( 16), Harvard University (13), Kings College London (13) in that order, and the rest with scientific production of less than 12 articles.The Roots They are represented by the fundamental articles of the original articles on the subject of Psychological and performance, the following table represents chronologically the main epistemological roots of knowledge in this area, and mainly highlight mainly the Figure 9 shows the list of the works carried out by Rosseu, where they served as semifinal articles for other research works related to the subject of Psychology.(Robinson,1996).

The Log
It is where you should find articles where the topic of interest has a structure, these should be the first authors to discover the applicability of the topic of interest.

The Branches
Branches represent specific sub-areas within a knowledge domain and encapsulate articles focused on different topics derived from cluster analysis.In addition, branches also indicate trending topics within that particular area.no document was found with this bibliometric analysis that tries to explain in phenomenon among the variables of interest, however an important influence of these authors in later works is observed, Table 7, shows by the order of importance and references to them, the articles considered as the most important seeds.Branches represent specific sub-areas within a domain of knowledge and encapsulate articles focused on different topics derived from cluster analysis.In addition, the branches also indicate the trending topics within that particular area, in this sense the bibliometric analysis identifies three branches that group these trends, two of them mainly related to the area of medicine and health.This cloustering brings together health-related research on the relationship between the satisfaction and loyalty of an artificial limb, or prosthesis available, should not only anatomically resemble its original counterpart, but should also function and feel the same, as they currently enable basic functions, such as the paralysis or amputation of an arm results in the loss of the ability to orient the hand and grasp, manipulate and carry objects, essential functions for activities of daily living.It is studied Brain-machine interfaces could provide a solution to restore many of these lost functions, seen as the degree of satisfaction or  Then, the Force Atlas II algorithm (Jacomy et al., 2014) was used, which places the most connected nodes in the center of the map, the less connected ones towards the edges and avoids their overlapping; from this, the map of cocitations of this area detailed in Figure 7 was obtained.

Figure 6. Map of Cocitations
This technique is based on the graph theory, since it allows generating information associated to the typology and characteristics of the network and the documents that integrate it, three "high density areas" are identified, which group the documents by the colors Cluster-1-blue ( 14), Cluster-2 red (20) and Cluster -3.green (10).

Figure 7. Map of Cocitations
Based on the map in Figure 9, these areas are described in detail in Table 6, where, among other attributes, the identified documents are detailed and each cluster area has a name associated with it based on the cloud of ideas that groups the most relevant terms.Three main research topics were identified as follows The thematic map that also presents the bibliometric analysis shows that the area of interest of the impact of psychology on performance is located in the first and second quadrant, in a position of medium density or degree of development, but with a high and positive degree of relevance, while the topics of violence are located in the first quadrant where both dimensions are positive, indicating that it is a field that science is continually researching and developing.In terms of health, stress and depression, research has been carried out on the constructs of depression, risk, stress and the symptoms identified in the face of psychological breakdown.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Chronological publications compared to subject citations.

Figure 3 .
Word Cloud Most relevant reviews It is observed that the most relevant reviews or productions are found in journals related to health development and medicine with H-INDEX OF 8 AND 7 such as INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AND PUBLIC HEALTH ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (293) and PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE(186) respectively , and HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING (140) , but with H-idex of 3 , as well as until 2011 MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (136) as summarized in Figure 3 and Table2.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2.Scientific production by country

Figure 4 ,
generated from R's Bibliométrix, shows that, in the area or topic of Psychological Contract and Work Performance, there is academic collaboration between China and England and the United Kingdom and the United States for the development of scientific production in this area of research.

Figure No. 1 .
Science Tree -Psychological and Performance

Figure 2 .FIGURE 3 .
Figure 9 shows the list of the works carried out by Rosseu, where they served as semifinal articles for other research works related to the subject of Psychology.Figure 2. Psychological and implied contracts in organizations.Rousseau, 1989

Figure 4 .
Seminal Documents It is observed that the work of Rosseau (1989), along with the work of Robisson (1996), are cited by Zaho (2017) and then this is cited by Cereson and Douglas more recently,

Figure 6
Figure 6 Experience and Perceptions (Psychological Contract)

Table 4 .
Impact Index

Table 5 .
Most relevant affiliations

Table 7
Seminal Articles