Edited by: Tecnológico Superior Corporativo
Edwards Deming
July - December Vol. 8 - 2 - 2024
https://revista-edwardsdeming.com/index.php/es
e-ISSN: 2576-0971
Received: Febrary 12, 2024
Approved: June 03, 2024
Page 32-40
Use of technology in the dissemination of diabetes
promotion and prevention programmes
Uso de la tecnología en la difusión de programas de
promoción y prevención de la Diabetes
Luis Enrique Naula Chucay
*
Deicy Dolores Quizhpi Palchizaca
*
Patricia Alexandra León Hurtado
*
John Sebastian Ochoa Nieto
*
Viviana Stefania Cabrera Pizarro
*
ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus, a common endocrine pathology in these
times of the 21st century, where many people of different
etiological groups present it due to different risk factors.
This pathology changes the life of the person, even more,
if they do not carry out an adequate management of
diabetes mellitus, because in the long term it increases the
risks of presenting other chronic pathologies that can
complicate the state of health and the prognosis of the
individual's life. For this literature review research project:
"Use of technology in the dissemination of diabetes
promotion and prevention programmes" with the general
objective: To promote the use of technology in the
dissemination of diabetes promotion and prevention
programmes; a qualitative and analytical approach was
used, using databases such as google scholar, elsevier,
pubmed, Taylor & Francis, Scielo, etc. At the end of the
* Licenciado en enfermería, Magister en Enfermería mención en Cuidados
Críticos Universidad Católica de Cuenca, docente, luis.naula@ucacue.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4519-5939
* Licenciada en enfermería, Magister en Gestión del Cuidado, Universidad
Católica de Cuenca, docente deicy.quizhpi@ucacue.edu.ec,
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1936-7307
* Estudiante, Universidad Católica de Cuenca,
patricia.leon@est.ucacue.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9014-0236
* Estudiante, Universidad Católica de Cuenca,
john.ochoa@est.ucacue.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0958-9548
* Estudiante, Universidad católica de Cuenca,
viviana.cabrera.89@est.ucacue.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2008-
8882
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research it was concluded that the application of
technology in programmes for the promotion and
prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has had a positive
impact on its use, allowing a greater possibility for the
population to take part in the programmes and reduce
their risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Keywords: Technology, Prevention, Promotion, Factors
RESUMEN
La diabetes mellitus, una patología endocrina común en
estos tiempos del siglo XXI, donde muchas personas de
distintos grupos etiológicos la presentan por distintos
factores de riesgo. Patología que cambia la vida de la
persona, más aún, si no realiza un manejo adecuado de la
diabetes mellitus, porque a largo plazo aumenta los riesgos
de presentar otras patologías crónicas que pueden
complicar el estado de salud y el pronóstico de vida del
individuo. Para este proyecto de investigación de revisión
bibliográfica: “Uso de la tecnología en la difusión de
programas de promoción y prevención de la diabetes” con
objetivo general: Promover el uso de tecnología en la
difusión de programas de promoción y prevención de la
Diabetes; Se utilizo un enfoque cualitativo y analítico,
utilizando bases de datos como google académico, elsevier,
pubmed, Taylor & Francis, Scielo, etc. Culminando la
investigación se concluyó que la aplicación de la tecnología
en los programas de promoción y prevención de la
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2, ha tenido un impacto positivo en
su uso, permitiendo una mayor posibilidad a las
poblaciones de acogerse a los programas y reduzcan su
riesgo de desarrollar Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2.
Palabras clave: Tecnología, Prevención, Promoción,
Factores
INTRODUCTION
Chronic diseases such as diabetes are the world's leading cause of death.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that by 2030, diabetes will be the
seventh leading cause of death worldwide. A chronic disease that leads to a considerable
loss of quality of life for patients and, despite treatment, has serious health consequences.
Diabetes is appearing at an increasingly younger age, especially type 2 diabetes, which
accounts for 90% of cases (Vespucio, 2024).
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The role of the media in Health Promotion is an issue that has been contemplated since
1986.
The role of the media in Health Promotion is an issue that has been contemplated since
1986. The Ottawa Charter defined Health Promotion as "the process of empowering
people to increase their control over their health and to improve their health", further
stating that the media are key actors in health promotion. Communication and education
are increasingly becoming an inseparable binomial, over and above the very means,
techniques and communicative instruments used, and this strengthens, enriches and
modifies, in a conscious and informed way, knowledge, attitudes and/or behaviours in
favour of health. (PS AND SC BLOG, 2018)
The use of new technologies adapted to health promotion is revolutionising the user. It
is changing the way we take care of ourselves, whether it is by tracking what we eat,
monitoring the physical exercise we do, or monitoring our sleep or heart rate through
health apps or other technological devices. They are helping us shift towards healthier
habits. The use of telemedicine applied to health also has advantages if we suffer from a
chronic disease or a specific pathology, as they provide us with better knowledge and
management of our health condition. (C, 2019)
The research was developed with the general objective: To promote the use of
technology in the dissemination of Diabetes promotion and prevention programmes.
Telemedicine is highly effective in patients with hypertension and diabetes. It has been
proven that telephone support for these chronic diseases has reduced the number of
hospital admissions, emergency admissions and even the level of mortality in patients
with these causes. It is clear that the use of ICTs can increase prevention by patients
with less access to extensive treatment or rehabilitation. Both chronic diseases with
public health implications are pertinent motivation to consider the issue of educational
strategies that technology can mediate to ensure outcomes in promotion, education and
adherence to treatment and prevent health risks and complications. (LR, 2022)
A complex and chronic pathology, described as a metabolic disorder of multiple
aetiologies, characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances in nutrient
metabolism, resulting in impaired insulin secretion and/or insulin action, requiring
continuous medical action with the application of various strategies to reduce the
complications that may occur in the long term. There are different types of diabetes
mellitus: (ALAD, 2019) (Association A. D., 2023)
"Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body mistakenly attacks
itself). This reaction prevents your body from producing insulin. Approximately 5-10%
of people who have diabetes have type 1. Symptoms of type 1 diabetes usually appear
quickly. It is usually diagnosed in children, adolescents, and young adults." (Chronic,
CDC, 2022)
"Insulin secretion is inadequate because patients have developed insulin resistance.
Hepatic insulin resistance inhibits suppression of hepatic glucose production, and
peripheral insulin resistance impairs peripheral glucose uptake. This combination results
in fasting and postprandial hyperglycaemia. Insulin levels are often very high, especially
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early in the disease. Later in the course of the disease, insulin production may fall,
exacerbating hyperglycaemia." (Brutsaert, 2022)
According to CDC (Chronicles, CDC, 2022) "Insulin resistance is the causative factor
in Type II Diabetes Mellitus, as high amounts of glucose in the blood release insulin, and
with prolonged insulin, cells begin to become insulin resistant, In addition, other risk
factors influence at the same time, so the pancreas secretes more insulin in order to
lower hyperglycaemia, but this causes the pancreas to stop secreting insulin over a long
period of time, leading to the pathology. "
According to NIDDK (Basu, 2017) polydipsia, oliguria, hyperphagia, fatigue, blindness,
paraesthesia in hands and feet, weight loss are symptoms of type II diabetes mellitus
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
"Gestational diabetes mellitus is included in type II diabetes mellitus and usually appears
between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy. This type of diabetes occurs due to a blockage of
the hormone insulin by pregnancy hormones and, as a consequence, blood glucose levels
increase." (Gomez, 2022).
If a person with this disease does not regulate their sugar intake it can have serious
consequences on their health, including: (Health, 2023) (nutricionvidaysalud.org, 2019)
• Diabetic foot: this is undoubtedly the most common consequence of this disease, it
starts with a neuropathy of the feet or loss of sensitivity due to nerve damage. In
addition to the loss of sensation there is a significant reduction in blood flow,
problems that together increase the risk of ulcers, wounds and infections, which if
not treated in time lead to amputation of the affected limb.
• Blindness: Known as diabetic retinopathy, this is one of the most common
consequences over time for a person with diabetes. It is caused by damage to small
blood vessels in the retina of the eyes.
• On the other hand, people with the disease are at increased risk of developing heart
disease and stroke.
• Diabetes is also a major cause of kidney failure.
According to the American Heart Association, some non-modifiable factors that
increase the risk of diabetes are inherited from parents or close relatives, as well as race
or ethnicity. People of African American, Asian American, Latino/Hispanic American,
Native American or Pacific Islander origin are more likely to develop diabetes. In terms
of age, the older you are, the higher your risk of developing pre-diabetes and type 2
diabetes. Type 2 diabetes usually occurs in middle-aged adults, most often after the age
of 40. And gestational diabetes occurs if a woman had diabetes during pregnancy, she
will have an increased risk of developing diabetes again later in life." (Association A. H.,
2021)
There are modifiable risk factors according to the American Heart Association being
overweight or obese increases the risk of developing diabetes, lack of physical activity is
a key modifiable risk factor for pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes, as well as causing
damage to the cardiovascular system, untreated hypertension has been associated with
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e-ISSN: 2576-0971
diabetes complications. People with diabetes and hypertension should maintain a blood
pressure below 130/80 mmHg, with normal blood pressure being 120/80 mmHg or
lower. Diabetes is associated with atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and
vascular disease. Low HDL ("High Density Lipoprotein") cholesterol and high
triglycerides can increase the risk of Type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. People
who smoke and drink alcohol are more likely to develop diabetes as it can cause
inflammation in the pancreas and limit its ability to produce enough insulin. Alcohol can
cause liver damage and add more sugar and starch to the diet that the body must use or
otherwise store as fat. Research has also shown that too little or too much sleep is
linked to a high Hemoglobin A1C level in people with Type II diabetes." (Association A.
H., 2021)
The different platforms, tools and social networks allow an infinite number of actions to
be carried out in terms of health information and communication, which we could
differentiate between those that are synchronous in time (messaging, video-conferencing
and chat), and others that are asynchronous (blogs, websites, forums, social networks,
email, etc.) These would be the main theoretical tools that would be used in the case of
developing health promotion projects. (The PS Y SC blog, 2018)
These measures can provide us with very valuable and important information, allowing
us to act on the most affected dimensions, thus achieving the best possible state of well-
being of these patients (Rebollo-Rubio, 2014).
Information and communication technologies (ICT) are a tool and an opportunity for
both the patient, the caregiver and the professional. For the patient and their caregiver,
they facilitate access to health information, generating positive effects aimed at improving
the quality of life of these two actors. For the professional, it allows timely follow-up in
a practical and reliable way, since, in the scenario of chronic diseases, efficient
communication between patients, carers and health professionals is essential. ICTs allow
contact with other people suffering from the same problem, exchange ideas,
experiences, difficulties, share emotions, feelings, form support groups where not only
concerns are expressed but also where mutual emotional support can be given (MSCd,
2014).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For the investigation of the literature review project with a qualitative and analytical
approach, the Boolean operators "AND, OR AND NOT" will be used in the different
academic databases such as google academic, elsevier, pubmed, Taylor & Francis, Scielo,
etc; In addition, at the time of the search, inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria will be
applied to filter the documents obtained to extract the information that is in accordance
with the research topic, also applying the prism method.
Inclusion Criteria: Articles from the last 5 years of publication Articles on diabetes
mellitus
Exclusion Criteria: Articles on other areas of study at university level.
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RESULTS
Based on the research and data collection in relation to specific objective 1, the use of
technology in health promotion and prevention programmes for Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus has had a positive impact; enabling a wider range of outreach to the population
and population groups, as indicated by Arora S, Lam C et al. (LCea, 2023) Mobile health
(SmHealth) promises to engage patients with pre-diabetes in lifestyle modification
programmes by decreasing referral burden, centralising remote enrolment, eliminating
the physical requirement of a brick-and-mortar location, reducing operational costs
through automation, and reducing time and transportation barriers. ", further positive
evidence of the use of technology in promotion and prevention programmes, we can
consider the interventions conducted in the research by Rhoon L et al, (BMea, 2020)
indicates "Interventions that contained digital features that facilitated health and lifestyle
education, behavioural/outcome tracking and/or online health coaching were more
effective.". Patients without diabetes who presented to Type 2 Diabetes promotion and
prevention programmes had positive outcomes for their health status, as indicated in
research by Rhoon L, Byrne M et al. (BMea, 2020) "63% of interventions were effective
in the short term (achieving 3% weight loss over 6 months) using an average of 5.6
behaviour change techniques more than non-effective interventions. 33% were effective
in the long term (achieving 5% weight loss at 12 months), using 3.7 behaviour change
techniques more than non-effective interventions"; followed by the research of Arora S,
Lam C et al. (28) "Of the 163 participants included in the primary analysis, participants
had a mean predicted weight loss of 5.5% at 6 months (P = 0.001) and 4.3% at 12 months
(P = 0.001)". Furthermore, it should be considered that programmes that implement the
use of technology, the population sees it as something new and different that captures
their attention and motivates them to follow prevention programmes, as expressed by
Griauzde D et al. (KJea..., 2019) "Among all participants, mean autonomous motivation
measures were relatively high at baseline (6.0 on a scale of 7.0), in addition, participants
identified reasons they enjoyed using the app (e.g., encouraged self-reflection), but so
indicated reasons they did not enjoy using the app (e.g., did not 18 consider personal
circumstances), and strategies to improve the intervention (e.g., increased interpersonal
contact)." Consequences of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on the data collected, the
most prevalent consequences of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus according to studies by, Faselis
C. (KAea, 2020), Suarez J. (LJea., 2023), Vinces R. (VOea, 2019) and Laiteerapong N.
(34), diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and diabetic neuropathy are prevalent, followed
by cardiovascular disease and high blood pressure. Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus The risk factors with the highest incidence were overweight/obesity and
hypertension, as indicated by the studies of Rodas J. (JAR.... 2022) "Obesity favours the
development of diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and diabetic neuropathy, 2022)
"Obesity favours a state of lipotoxicity in various organs of the body, leading to a series
of events that initially decrease insulin sensitivity in tissues and subsequently produce
compensatory metabolic changes that culminate in β-cell dysfunction and manifestation
of diagnostic values of diabetes.", followed by Rodriguez. (R., 2018) "The main risk
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factors that presented statistically significant relationship (p=0.00) were: physical
inactivity (74.84%), abdominal obesity (62.77%), overweight and obesity (60.43%)",
finally, Farre. (J., 2019) in his research indicated that "The risk factors with the highest
incidence were arterial hypertension and elevated Body Mass Index."
DISCUSSION
Based on the research obtained, we conclude that the application of technology in
programmes for the promotion and prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has had a
positive impact on its use, as it allows a greater possibility for the population to take
part in the programmes, reducing the influence of factors such as distance from health
centres, lack of time in the registration process and carrying out the programmes in
person, in addition to the fact that technology makes the programmes more attractive
to people and influences their personal motivation, making them more committed to
completing the programmes.
The results obtained from the people who completed the programmes obtained a
considerable weight loss, considering that the
considerable weight loss, considering that overweight/obesity is a risk factor that directly
influences the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; this pathology influences as a
risk factor for the development of other pathologies, without considering the
consequences that it causes in the organism in the long term, such as the development
of microvascular and macrovascular complications.
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Association, A. D. (10 de Noviembre de 2023). Standards of Care Updates Have Been
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Association, A. H. (5 de Mayo de 2021). 100 years. Obtenido de
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